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  • Black Lamb and Grey Falcon, Part 1

    Editor’s Note: My 1964 $2.95 copy of Black Lamb, Grey Falcon bears the dedication: 

    To My Friends in Yugoslavia, who are now all dead or enslaved

     Grant to them the Fatherland of their desire,
    and make them again citizens of Paradise.
     

    Prologue

    I raised myself on my elbow and called through the open door into the other wagon-lit: — ‘My dear, I know I have inconvenienced you terribly by making you take your holiday now, and I know you did not really want to come to Yugoslavia at all. But when you get there you will see why it was so important that we should make this journey, and that we should make it now, at Easter. It will all be quite clear, once we are in Yugoslavia.’Dame Rebecca West

    There was, however, no reply. My husband had gone to sleep. It was perhaps as well. I could not have gone on to justify my certainty that this train was taking us to a land where everything was comprehensible, where the mode of life was so honest that it put an end to perplexity. I lay back in the darkness and marveled that I should be feeling about Yugoslavia as if it were my mother country, for this was 1937, and I had never seen the place till 1936. Indeed, I could remember the first time I ever spoke the name ‘Yugoslavia,’ and that was only two and a half years before, on October 9, 1934.

    It was in a London nursing home. I had had an operation, in the new miraculous way. One morning a nurse had come in and given me an injection, as gently as might be, and had made a little joke which was not very good but served its purpose of taking the chill off the difficult moment. Then I picked up my book and read that sonnet by Joachim du Bellay which begins: ‘Heureux qui, comme Ulysse, a fait un beau voyage.’ I said to myself, ‘That is one of the most beautiful poems in the world,’ and I rolled over in my bed, still thinking that it was one of the most beautiful poems in the world, and found that the electric light was burning and there was a new nurse standing at the end of my bed. Twelve hours had passed in that moment. They had taken me upstairs to a room far above the roofs of London, and had cut me about for three hours and a half, and had brought me down again, and now I was merely sleepy, and not at all sick, and still half-rooted in my pleasure in the poem, still listening to a voice speaking through the ages, with barest economy that somehow is the most lavish melody: ‘Et en quelle saison Revoiray-je le clos de ma pauvre maison, Qui m’est une province et beaucoup d’avantage?’

    I had been told beforehand that it would all be quite easy, but before an operation the unconscious, which is really a shocking old fool, envisages surgery as it was in the Stone Age, and I had been very much afraid. I rebuked myself for not having observed that the universe was becoming beneficent at a great rate. But it was not yet wholly so. My operation wound left me an illusion that I had a load of ice strapped to my body. So, to distract me, I had a radio brought into my room, and for the first time I realized how uninteresting life could be and how perverse human appetite. After I had listened to some talks and variety programs I should not have been surprised to hear that there are householders who make arrangements with the local authorities not to empty their dustbins but to fill them. Nevertheless, there was always good music provided by some station or other at any time in the day, and I learned to swing like a trapeze artist from program to program in search of it.

    But one evening I turned the wrong knob and found music of a kind other than I sought, the music that is above earth, that lives in the thunderclouds and rolls in human ears and sometimes deafens them without betraying the path of its melodic line. I heard the announcer relate how the King of Yugoslavia had been assassinated in the streets of Marseille that morning. We had passed into another phase of the mystery we are enacting here on earth, and I knew that it might be agonizing. The rags and tags of knowledge that we all have about us told me what foreign power had done this thing. It appeared to me inevitable that war must follow, and indeed it must have done, had not the Yugoslavian Government exercised an iron control on its population, then and thereafter, and abstained from the smallest provocative action against its enemies. That forbearance, which is one of the most extraordinary feats of statesmanship performed in post-war Europe, I could not be expected to foresee. So I rang for my nurse, and when she came I cried to her, ‘Switch on the telephone. I must speak to my husband at once. A most terrible thing has happened. The King of Yugoslavia has been assassinated.’ ‘Oh, dear!’ she replied. ‘Did you know him?’ ‘No,’ I said. ‘Then why,’ she asked, ‘do you think it’s so terrible?’

    Photograph: Portrait of Rebecca West by Madame Yevonde

  • Musical Experience and Understanding Speech in Noise

    The Aging Auditory System: Implications for Cognitive Abilities and Hearing Speech in Noise

    Abstract

    http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3092743/grand and upright pianos

    Much of our daily communication occurs in the presence of background noise, compromising our ability to hear. While understanding speech in noise is a challenge for everyone, it becomes increasingly difficult as we age. Although aging is generally accompanied by hearing loss, this perceptual decline cannot fully account for the difficulties experienced by older adults for hearing in noise. Decreased cognitive skills concurrent with reduced perceptual acuity are thought to contribute to the difficulty older adults experience understanding speech in noise.

    Given that musical experience positively impacts speech perception in noise in young adults (ages 18–30), we asked whether musical experience benefits an older cohort of musicians (ages 45–65), potentially offsetting the age-related decline in speech-in-noise perceptual abilities and associated cognitive function (i.e., working memory). Consistent with performance in young adults, older musicians demonstrated enhanced speech-in-noise perception relative to nonmusicians along with greater auditory, but not visual, working memory capacity. By demonstrating that speech-in-noise perception and related cognitive function are enhanced in older musicians, our results imply that musical training may reduce the impact of age-related auditory decline.

    Introduction

    Aging negatively affects the ability to understand speech in noise (SIN). Although hearing loss can explain some of the SIN perception difficulties experienced with aging, SIN perception difficulties cannot be wholly accounted for by hearing thresholds. Declines in auditory acuity, temporal processing, memory, speed of information processing  and the ability to filter out irrelevant competing auditory input  also contribute to difficulties reported by older adults for hearing SIN.

    Listening to speech in noise requires an active interplay between cognitive (e.g., attention and memory) and perceptual processes that enable the nervous system to distinguish between a target voice and competing noise. As listening conditions become harder (i.e., the background noise becomes louder), hearing becomes more effortful and increasingly dependent on the recruitment of attentional and working memory resources. Therefore, individuals with heightened memory capabilities may be better able to overcome the deleterious effects of background noise on perception, aiding in the retention, rehearsal and recall of the target speech signal.

    Conclusion and future directions

    The demographic shift towards an increasingly older population is accompanied by an increase in the prevalence of perceptual and cognitive disorders. One means of offsetting or slowing down age-related declines may be through engaging in mentally stimulating activities, such as musical practice. While research into the impact of musical training on aging processes is a new avenue of investigation, our results indicate a positive role of lifelong musical training on auditory perception and cognitive processes. It is also possible that musical training during developmental years enhances working memory, temporal resolution and SIN and that these effects are carried forward throughout the lifespan.

    Additional research might tease apart these two possibilities by comparing cognitive and perceptual performance in older adults who ceased musical training at different developmental stages with those who have engaged in musical activities throughout their lives. Regardless of the outcome, the results presented here indicate that older adults with extensive musical backgrounds are better equipped to deal with the auditory perceptual demands of real-world situations. Although more work is needed to determine the efficacy of using music as a management strategy for perceptual and cognitive declines, these results underscore the potential remediatory benefits of musical training for an aging population.

    Editor’s Note: The entire article may be read at the National Library of Medicine, Institutes of Health: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3092743/

  • General lifestyle activities as a predictor of current cognition and cognitive change in older adults: a cross-sectional and longitudinal examination.[J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci. 2005]
  • Individualized piano instruction enhances executive functioning and working memory in older adults.
    Bugos JA, Perlstein WM, McCrae CS, Brophy TS, Bedenbaugh PH

    Aging Ment Health. 2007 Jul; 11(4):464-71.

  • Ambassador Chris Stevens and a Travel Warning

    J. Christopher Stevens

    AmbassadorChris Stevens
    LIBYA

    Term of Appointment: 05/22/2012 to 09/12/12

     

    Statement of Secretary of State Hillary Clinton 

    It is with profound sadness that I share the news of the death of four American personnel in Benghazi, Libya yesterday. Among them were United States Ambassador to Libya Chris Stevens and Foreign Service Information Management Officer, Sean Smith. We are still making next of kin notifications for the other two individuals. Our hearts go out to all their families and colleagues.

    A 21 year veteran of the Foreign Service, Ambassador Stevens died last night from injuries he sustained in the attack on our office in Benghazi.

    I had the privilege of swearing in Chris for his post in Libya only a few months ago. He spoke eloquently about his passion for service, for diplomacy and for the Libyan people. This assignment was only the latest in his more than two decades of dedication to advancing closer ties with the people of the Middle East and North Africa which began as a Peace Corps Volunteer in Morocco. As the conflict in Libya unfolded, Chris was one of the first Americans on the ground in Benghazi. He risked his own life to lend the Libyan people a helping hand to build the foundation for a new, free nation. He spent every day since helping to finish the work that he started. Chris was committed to advancing America’s values and interests, even when that meant putting himself in danger.

    Sean Smith was a husband and a father of two, who joined the Department ten years ago. Like Chris, Sean was one of our best. Prior to arriving in Benghazi, he served in Baghdad, Pretoria, Montreal, and most recently The Hague.

    All the Americans we lost in yesterday’s attacks made the ultimate sacrifice. We condemn this vicious and violent attack that took their lives, which they had committed to helping the Libyan people reach for a better future.

    America’s diplomats and development experts stand on the front lines every day for our country. We are honored by the service of each and every one of them.

     State Department Biography

    Ambassador J. Christopher Stevens is a career member of the Senior Foreign Service. He arrived in Tripoli in May 2012 as U.S. Ambassador to Libya. Ambassador Stevens served twice previously in Libya. He served as Special Representative to the Libyan Transitional National Council from March 2011 to November 2011 during the Libyan revolution and as the Deputy Chief of Mission from 2007 to 2009.

    Other overseas assignments include: Deputy Principal officer and Political Section Chief in Jerusalem; political officer in Damascus; consular/political officer in Cairo; and consular/economic officer in Riyadh. In Washington, Ambassador Stevens served as Director of the Office of Multilateral Nuclear and Security Affairs; Pearson Fellow with the Senate Foreign Relations Committee; special assistant to the Under Secretary for Political Affairs; Iran desk officer; and staff assistant in the Bureau of Near Eastern Affairs.

  • Genetic Switch Involved in Depression: A promising target for potential therapies

    The activity of a single gene sets in motion some of the brain changes seen in depression, according to a new study. The finding suggests a promising target for potential therapies.

    Photo of a depressed man.

    People with major depressive disorder, or major depression, have feelings of sadness, loss, anger or frustration that interfere with daily life for weeks or longer. The symptoms of depression also include memory loss and trouble thinking.

    Past studies have found that people with major depression have brains that are physically different from those of non-depressed people. The depressed brain has a smaller prefrontal cortex, a region at the front of the brain that handles emotion and complicated thought. The area also has fewer and smaller neurons (nerve cells) in the depressed brain.

    To gain insight into the neural mechanisms at work, a group led by Dr. Ronald Duman of Yale University began with data collected in a previous study. They had done a comparison of postmortem brains from 15 depressed people and 15 non-depressed people who were matched in age, ethnicity and gender. Using DNA microarray chips to analyze the activity of 20,000 genes, the researchers had found numerous genes that were expressed (turned on and off) differently in the brains of depressed people.

    For the new study, the team focused specifically on genes related to synapses, the place where signals pass from one neuron to another. The work was funded in part by NIH’s National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) and National Center for Research Resources (NCRR). The findings were published in the September 2012 issue of Nature Medicine.

    Analysis revealed that about 30% of the genes with significantly lower expression in the depressed brains related to some aspect of synapse function. Further experiments found significantly reduced expression for 5 particular genes in the prefrontal cortex of depressed people.

    The scientists searched for transcription factors—proteins that bind to the DNA of other genes to turn them on or off — that were capable of regulating the 5 genes. They found one called GATA1 that is expressed significantly more in the brains of people with major depressive disorder. Expression of the Gata1 gene in the prefrontal cortex was also higher in a rat model of depression.

    Raising expression of Gata1 in cultured rat neurons decreased the expression of synapse-related genes. It also decreased the number of connections between neurons, supporting the idea that higher Gata1expression can lead to the changes seen in depressed brains.

    The researchers next tested the gene in rats and found that putting extra copies of Gata1 into their brains made them behave as if they were depressed.

    “We show that circuits normally involved in emotion, as well as cognition, are disrupted when this single transcription factor is activated,” Duman explains.

    These findings may point toward a new target for treatment. “We hope that by enhancing synaptic connections, either with novel medications or behavioral interventions, we can develop more effective antidepressant therapies,” says Duman.

    — by Helen Fields

  • Dirty Little Not-So-Secrets: The National Political Discourse

    by Doris O’Brien 

    It’s becoming obvious to me that I spend too much time on my computer. And I am suffering for it. No, I don’t have carpal tunnel syndrome or eye strain (yet!). But I am definitely feeling the effects of some very unpleasant symptoms: annoyance, incredulity, shock and sadness. I am also exhibiting ‘d’ as in disbelief, biting my tongue in anger, grinding my teeth in frustration, and jabbing my finger on the delete key with practiced alacrity. Eisenhower Election Bandwagon

    Sadly, my reaction to others’ reactions on the Internet suggests   that the amazing modern electronic revolution has not only allowed  communication to flourish, it has permitted it to deteriorate to the gutter level of incivility. Freedom of speech has in too many instances become freedom to offend, and, as a result, entering the mass media discussion comes with gut-wrenching risks.  Be prepared to be brutally insulted by those who disagree with you.  Brace yourself for bombast, rudeness, ridicule and downright lies. Accept that it is all dished out freely under the cowardly cover of anonymity provided by the miracle of high speed electronics.  A word of advice, though: Even if you think you have the stomach for it, do not get enmeshed in Internet discourse without a thick skin and a barf bag!

    I learned this hard lesson when I wrote a weekly newspaper column. Once in a while there would be a letter to the editor commenting on a piece I’d written.  But these were routinely edited for “inappropriateness.”  And there probably wasn’t much of that, anyway, since no letter would be published without the real name of the sender. No pseudonyms, “handles” or disguises were permitted.   Nobody could crouch behind a catchy moniker like “Awarewolf,”  “Hitshot,” or “Kill-R-Beez.” 

    But once an article is posted on the Net — the “national  everything talkathon” open to everyone — few holds are barred.   Complaints and compliments rain down like Tropical Storm Isaac, with the barest of levees in place to contain them.  Some diatribes are   coarsely calculated to rile up those who disagree.  Name calling (e.g. “Re-pig-lican” or “Damnocrat”) is purposefully — even gloatingly — designed to bully and bash.  One never really get used to such  anonymous vitriol, of course; and fighting back is fruitless.

    America has always been, to one extent or another, a politically divided country.  That is to be expected in a democracy.  Dissent is what makes us free.  Yet there was a time not all that long ago when  citizens of opposing viewpoints could debate the issues short of getting down and dirty.  The sea change — with its inflexible  calcification of opinion — has been coming on gradually. And it has been enabled to great extent by the ease and immediacy with which our opinions can now be spread, sans a shred of personal responsibility  or reason required.

    Technology is one of the few things that has advanced for the better in my lifetime.  But it has its downsides, too. And nothing brings that home more brutally than opening one’s computer and observing the national “chat.”   

    ©2012 Doris O’Brien for SeniorWomen.com

    Photograph“National Citizens for Eisenhower” in 1952, as shown in the “‘VOTE!’ exhibition of political Americana  on Cornell University, 2000 

  • Math and Metaphor

    Humility

    by Joan L. Cannon

    Archetypes, mysteries, simple cluesOmar Khayyam
    that only fingers and toes, sticks and stones
    and flashes of inspiration require
    for universes to be disclosed …
    symbols for functions and formulae
    for proof; logic so easy for some —
    why am I innumerate?

    East is east and west is logic,
    and it’s said never will they meet.
    Yet in hieroglyphs and runes
    and Mayan masks, carven calendars,
    in the graceful limbs of Arabic,
    those signs beyond the Word
    beckon curiosity to span the voids.

    Plus and minus, powers, infinity …
    zero, prime, sequences, fractals …
    Euclid to Escher, Foucault and Fibonacci,
    Seuss to Einstein, abacus to gigabytes …
    the world and wars and philosophy
    are in their hands, while I can only
    grope for a touch of understanding. 

     ©2010 Joan Cannon for SeniorWomen.com

     Math and Metaphor: Using Poetry to Teach College Mathematics

    Patrick Bahls
    University of North Carolina, Asheville

    Math is everywhere, and most people don’t even realize it. For the longest time
    I found math boring and confusing — just a bunch of numbers and symbols
    jumbled together, or word problems with juvenile purposes. (For example,
    would I really care about the rate water leaks from a bucket?) When I realized
    the concepts were actually relevant, and could be used to solve relevant problems, my feelings changed. Many of [my] poems definitely reflect my shift in
    attitude, and my realization that mathematics can be incredibly interesting.
    Katherine, Fall 2007 Calculus I student

    In the fall 2007 semester at the University of North Carolina, Asheville, I asked
    the students in my two sections of Calculus I to complete an atypical mathematics assignment. Each student was prompted to write a poem (a few students would end up writing several) offering the reader insight into her or his experience with mathematics. I have since assigned the same exercise to students enrolled in my Fall 2008 Precalculus course, with more or less the same success.

    Painting: The Persian Poet and Mathematician, Omar Khayyám,Wikkipedia

  • Gems of European Lace: Queen Marie-Henriette Handkerchief and Rita de Acosta Lydig’s Horse-and-Rider Dress

    A selection of 13 exceptional examples of handmade lace from the collection of The Metropolitan Museum of Art — one of the finest such collections in the United States are featured in the exhibition Gems of European Lace, ca. 1600 — 1920, in the Museum’s Antonio Ratti Textile Center. These delicate luxury textiles, created between 100 and 400 years ago, represent techniques and styles associated with some of  the preeminent lacemaking centers of Europe.exhibit poster

    Included in the installation are examples of the two major lacemaking techniques: needle lace (built up from a single thread that is worked in a variety of looping, or buttonhole, stitches) and bobbin lace (woven — or braided — together from multiple threads organized on individual bobbins). Beyond the two basic technical categories, lace is also often described with the name of the town or region where a particular style was first made.

    The exhibition includes outstanding examples of Venetian (needle) lace, Brussels (bobbin) lace, and Devon (bobbin) lace. Of particular interest is a 19th-century handkerchief associated with King Leopold II and Queen Marie-Henriette of Belgium. The queen was a patron of the local lace industry. 

    The best-quality lace was extremely expensive, due to the time-consuming and painstaking process of transforming fine linen thread into such intricate openwork
    structures. Rather surprisingly, the 17th-century English clergyman Thomas Fuller
    defended the wearing of lace and the nascent English lacemaking industry, writing that it cost “nothing save a little thread descanted on by art and industry,” and “saveth some thousands of pounds yearly, formerly sent over to fetch lace from Flanders.” In the late 19th century, American women began to recycle antique lace for use in fashion.

    The American socialite and style setter Rita de Acosta Lydig, for example, often wore
    garments with insertions of antique lace. On view will be one of her dresses from 1920, completely made of lace in a horse-and-rider motif.Rita de Acosta Lydig

    As a result, many women began to collect and study lace, taking an interest not only in its artistry and complexity of construction but also in the historical and cultural contexts in which it was made and used. In large part, the collection of the Metropolitan Museum reflects the interest of these women who became serious collectors and who graciously donated their collections to the Museum.

    Established in 1995, the Antonio Ratti Textile Center at the Metropolitan Museum is one of the largest, most technically advanced, and well-equipped centers for the study, storage, and conservation of textiles in any art museum. Objects from the Metropolitan Museum’s collection of textiles are featured, on a rotating basis, in a small gallery at the entrance of the center.

    The Center was made possible by a major grant from the Fondazione Antonio Ratti (Antonio Ratti Foundation) of Como, Italy. 

  • To Use or Not to Use: Apps and Privacy

    Editor’s Note: 

    We were notified of a fraud alert yesterday stemming from unauthorized credit card usage. This is becoming more frequent and we await a report that identifies the source (store? online access, what?).  But in the meantime, it’s clear that the public is becoming more wary about the ‘behaviors’ we engage in that might leave us open to a privacy invasion.

    More than half of app users have uninstalled or decided to not install an app due to concerns about personal informationClaudius coin

    Many cell phone users take steps to manage, control, or protect the personal data on their mobile devices. In a new study by the Pew Internet Project of how cell phone users manage their mobile data, we asked about five specific behaviors in which cell phone owners might engage. Two of these activities were asked of the 43% of cell owners who download cell phone applications. Among this group, representing 38% of the adult population, we found that:

    • 54% of app users have decided to not install a cell phone app when they discovered how much personal information they would need to share in order to use it
    • 30% of app users have uninstalled an app that was already on their cell phone because they learned it was collecting personal information that they didn’t wish to share

    Taken together, 57% of all app users have either uninstalled an app over concerns about having to share their personal information, or declined to install an app in the first place for similar reasons.

    Outside of some modest demographic differences, app users of all stripes are equally engaged in these aspects of personal information management. Owners of both Android and iPhone devices are also equally likely to delete (or avoid entirely) cell phone apps due to concerns over their personal information.

    Cell phone owners take a number of steps to protect access to their personal information and mobile data

    In addition to these measures of app-specific behaviors, we also asked about three general activities related to personal data management on cell phones. These questions were asked of the 88% of the adult population that owns a cell phone of any kind. Among this group, we found that:

    • 41% of cell owners back up the photos, contacts, and other files on their phone so they have a copy in case their phone is ever broken or lost
    • 32% of cell owners have cleared the browsing history or search history on their phone
    • 19% of cell owners have turned off the location tracking feature on their cell phone because they were concerned that other individuals or companies could access that information

    Nearly one third of cell owners have experienced a lost or stolen phone, and 12% have had another person access the contents of their phone in a way that made them feel their privacy was invaded

    IllustrationClassical Numismatic Group, Inc. via Wikipedia

  • The Horse: From Arabia to Royal Ascot

    A Diamond Jubilee Celebration

    chariot
    Oxus chariot model, Achaemenid Persian, 5th-4th century BC. ©British Museum

    At last the heralds with loud blare of trumpet calls forth the impatient teams and launches the fleet chariots into the field … The ground gives way under the wheels and the air is smirched with the dust that rises in their track ….

    … As for you, bending double with the very force of the effort you keep a tight rein on your team and with consummate skill wisely reserve them for the seventh lap. The others are busy with hand and voice, and everywhere the sweat of drivers and flying steeds falls in drops on to the field. The hoarse roar from applauding partisans stirs the heart, and the contestants, both horses and men, are warmed by the race and chilled by fear.

    — A poem by Sidonius Apollinaris, writing in the fifth century AD, conveys the drama and passion of chariot-racing 

    The history of the horse is the history of civilisation itself. The horse has had a revolutionary impact on ancient civilisations and this major exhibition explores the influence of horses in Middle Eastern history, from their domestication around 3,500 BC to the present day. Britain’s long equestrian tradition is examined from the introduction of the Arabian breed in the 18th century to present day sporting events such as Royal Ascot and the Olympic Games.

    Important loans from the British Library, the Fitzwilliam Museum and the Royal Armouries, as well as rare material from Saudi Arabia, can be seen alongside objects from the British Museum’s exceptional collection, including famous pieces such as the Standard of Ur and Achaemenid Persian reliefs. 

    The domestication of the horse more than 5,000 years ago dramatically changed human history. Domestication is thought to have first happened on the steppes of South Russia with horses being introduced into the Middle East around 2,300BC. Before this introduction, asses and donkeys were used for transport, predominantly as harness animals pulling cumbersome but technologically advanced vehicles — as seen on objects found at the Royal Cemetery of Ur — but gradually horses became the means of faster transportation for these early societies.

    The exhibition includes one of the earliest known depictions of a horse and rider: a terracotta mould found in Mesopotamia (Iraq) dating to around 2,000 —  1,800 BC. Horses became a vital component in warfare and hunting, as reflected in the art of ancient Assyria, where elaborate and ornate horse trappings and ornaments were developed reflecting the prestige and status of horse, charioteer and rider.

  • Monarchs: Getting Ready for the Fall Migration

    Update:

    The monarch overwintering season is from November through  February with the monarch population peaking around late November or early December in Pacific Grove, CA. See below and Page Two of this post for added information about the Monarch Grove Sanctuary and Flowers by the Sea nursery’s butterfly blog, Butterflies in the Garden.

    by Ferida Wolff

    I was reading about monarch butterflies. It seems they only like milkweed plants so I was thinking that I might plant some milkweeds for next year. Then I looked out at my butterfly bush, the buddleia, and saw a monarch happily flitting from one flower cluster to another. Hmm.Monarchs in Ferida's backyard
     
    So I read further. There are four stages to a monarch’s life. Monarchs lay their eggs on milkweed plants. The eggs hatch into larvae or caterpillars, which feed on the plants. They then wrap themselves up in cocoons, where they go into a metamorphosis that turns them into the butterflies. At this point the monarchs can eat from other flowers, including my butterfly bush. Whew. Let them bulk up on my bushes. They will need all the nourishment they can get for their long fall migration.
     
    I found out that each butterfly species has a specific plant that the larvae feed on. And many of those plants, the milkweed included, are being cut down — to build houses, to construct roads, because of wildfires, illegal logging and deforestation of overwintering areas.  On personal properties, they are often viewed as unwanted weeds. This is causing a decrease in the monarch population.
     
    There are reasons to preserve the monarch butterfly (see Conservation points), not the least being that all of nature has a place in this world. I was glad to see the lone monarch on my butterfly bush. I wish it and its companions a successful flight.
     
    About monarchs:
    Life cycles and more:
    Conservation points:
     
     
    Editor’s Note:Monarchs near Santa Monica, California
     
    We’ve now added an excerpt from a blog on the site of a nursery we’ve occasionally ordered from, Flowers by the Sea. The blog on the site is Butterflies in the Garden: “All gardens can be desirable homes for butterflies. In this section of our Everything Salvias Blog we’ll tell you just what you can do to encourage these beauties.”